Hudson River PCBs

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General Electric’s legacy of toxic PCB pollution in the Hudson River persists, despite cleanup of some highly contaminated areas of sediment. Fish throughout the Hudson are dangerous to eat, and almost all commercial fishing remains closed. These are grave injustices that will continue for generations. It’s up to all of us to continue demanding the complete cleanup we deserve.

EPA’s dredging remedy for Hudson River PCBs Superfund site is failing to protect human and environmental health

New: Extended Analysis of PCB Concentrations in Fish and Sediment Published June, 2024 >

Read the full report: The Friends of a Clean Hudson: An Independent Review of EPA’s Upper Hudson River PCB Dredging Remedy >

Read the Executive Summary >

Read the Executive Summary (SPANISH) >

Download the FAQ >
Download the FAQ (Spanish) >

Watch our webinar from November, 2023 >

The problem

General Electric dumped an estimated 1.3 million pounds of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) into the Hudson River between 1947 and 1977. The PCB discharges came from two GE capacitor manufacturing plants located in Fort Edward and Hudson Falls, New York, about 50 miles north of Albany. In 1973, the Fort Edward Dam was removed from the upper Hudson River causing large amounts of contaminated sediments to wash downstream and settled throughout the Hudson River. In 1984, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency classified a 200-mile stretch of the Hudson River, from Hudson Falls to the Battery in New York City, as a federal Superfund site. To this day, the Hudson River is the largest Superfund site in the country.

Though a landmark dredging project removed PCBs from select areas of concentrated pollution known as “hotspots” in a 40-mile stretch of the Upper Hudson north of Troy from 2009 to 2015, a significant amount of PCBs remained in the river upon completion of the project.

Scientific studies are showing that cleanup efforts have not succeeded to the degree projected, and the spread of PCBs down the Hudson River has only increased over time. The dredging has had little to no effect on PCB levels in fish below the Troy dam.

GE’s PCBs are still found at dangerous levels in sediment, water, and wildlife throughout the Hudson River ecosystem as far south as New York Harbor and remain a health hazard to those who eat the fish. Women under 50 and children under 15 are advised by the New York State Health Department not to eat fish from anywhere in the river south of the Corinth Dam to New York City. Others are advised to limit their consumption of fish and crabs. Such restrictions place a disproportionate burden on individuals in environmental justice communities who rely on the fish as a food source. These injustices will persist for generations.

What’s next

In 2024, the EPA plans to release its draft third five-year review of the Hudson River PCBs Superfund Site for public comment. Through these reviews, required under the Superfund law, the EPA reports on the status of the cleanup, whether it is working as intended, and whether it is protective of people’s health and the environment.

As part of the upcoming review, EPA will review fish, water and sediment data collected between 2017 and 2021. To date, the studies and cleanup have focused primarily on the “Upper” Hudson River, north of Troy. For years, Riverkeeper, partner organizations and those who support the health of the River have been pressing EPA to expand these studies to the “Lower” Hudson, the 160-mile stretch from Troy to New York City. In 2022, EPA announced a legal agreement that directs GE to fund a study, now under way, of contamination throughout this lower portion. Riverkeeper continues to advocate for a formal Remedial Investigation and Feasibility Study of the Lower Hudson, which is the gold standard for investigating the nature and extent of contamination at a Superfund site, and would lead to a cleanup decision.

At the same time, another process is under way to evaluate environmental damages and injuries associated with GE’s PCB contamination: the Hudson River Natural Resource Damage Assessment. The assessment examines the damages caused by the PCBs that may be compensated, whether monetarily or through restoration projects, by GE.

Riverkeeper will continue its work to see that the full cleanup occurs and that the Hudson River is restored. You can help make this happen. To find out how and stay informed, sign up for email updates.

THE LATEST NEWS ON HUDSON RIVER PCBS >

With the Hudson River PCBs Superfund Site Five-Year Review approaching, Congressional leaders urge EPA to determine that the cleanup has not been protective of human and ecological health

Municipal sign-on letter urging EPA to take actions that would place the Hudson River PCBs Superfund Site on areal path to recovery

Riverkeeper, Scenic Hudson and a coalition of partners request meaningful public engagement for Lower Hudson PCBs study

PCBs study will examine contamination in Hudson River from Troy to NYC

• A Brief History: GE PCBs in the Hudson

  1947-1977
  General Electric discharges as much as 1.3 million pounds of PCBs from its capacitor manufacturing plants at the Hudson Falls and Fort Edward facilities into the Hudson River.

  1970
  Journalist and Riverkeeper founder Bob Boyle has five striped bass from the Hudson River near Verplanck, NY, tested for pollutants. The results show abnormally high levels of PCBs. Boyle shares findings with the NYSDEC Fisheries Director. The findings are suppressed.

  1973
  Fort Edward dam is removed, causing large amounts of sediment to wash downstream and settle in the Hudson River, adding to existing contamination. These areas of highly concentrated contamination later became known as “PCB hotspots.”

  1975
  The New York State Department of Health begins to issue health advisories to limit consumption of fish from the Hudson River due to PCBs. Legal action brought against GE by the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation results in a $7 million program for the investigation of PCBs and the development of methods to reduce or remove the threat of contamination.

  1976
  Congress passes the Toxic Substances Control Act banning the manufacture of PCBs and prohibiting all uses except in totally enclosed systems.

  DEC makes it illegal to fish in the upper Hudson from the Fort Edward Dam to the federal dam at Albany, closes Hudson River commercial fisheries, and warns people about the dangers of eating Hudson River fish.

  GE and DEC sign a Consent Order to address direct PCB discharges from GE’s Hudson Falls and Fort Edward facilities.

  1977
  EPA makes it illegal to discharge any PCBs into navigable waters under the Clean Water Act. Production of all PCBs stops. PCB levels in the Hudson River decline significantly once GE stops active dumping, but PCB levels in fish remain at levels considered unsafe for human consumption.

  1980
  Congress passes the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA), commonly known as Superfund.

  1984
  EPA classifies the 200-mile stretch of the Hudson River, from Hudson Falls to the Battery in New York City, as a federal Superfund site. EPA becomes the lead regulatory agency evaluating Hudson River environmental conditions.

  EPA issues a Record of Decision (referred to as a ROD) identifying GE as the responsible party and calling for containment of remnant deposits. The 1984 ROD called for “No Action” regarding remediation of river bottom sediments.

  1985
  DEC closes commercial striped bass fisheries in New York Harbor and waters off western Long Island.

  1989
  DEC petitions EPA to reconsider the “No Action” decision for PCB contaminated river sediments in the upper Hudson. Thereafter, EPA begins a reassessment of environmental conditions in the Hudson River. This reassessment continues for 12 years.

  1990
  EPA and GE enter into a legal agreement which requires GE to cover areas of PCB-contaminated sediment that became exposed after the river water level dropped following the removal of the Fort Edward Dam. These areas are referred to as remnant deposit areas. GE covers 60 acres along the upper Hudson shoreline with 2 feet of soil and vegetation near Fort Edward to prevent the PCBs from leaching from the remnant deposit areas into the river.

  1995
  DEC reopens the upper Hudson River – from Baker’s Falls in the Village of Hudson Falls to the Federal Dam in Troy – to sport fishing on a catch-and-release basis only. The New York State Department of Health continues to recommend that people do not eat fish from the upper Hudson River, that children under 15 and women of child-bearing age do not eat fish from anywhere in the entire 200-mile length of the Hudson River PCBs Superfund Site, and that the general population does not eat most species of fish caught between the Federal Dam at Troy and Catskill. Commercial fishing for striped bass and several other species in the lower Hudson River remains closed.

  1999
  Due to direct-contact human health concerns, EPA removes approximately 4,400 tons of contaminated soil from Roger’s Island.

  2002
  In a new Record of Decision, EPA selects dredging as the remedy to address PCB-contaminated sediments of the upper Hudson River, as well as “monitored natural attenuation” of PCB contamination that remains in the Hudson River after dredging. The 2002 ROD calls for dredging to remove PCB-contaminated sediment from a 40-mile section of the upper Hudson River between Fort Edward and Troy, NY. Sampling of river sediments for dredging design is conducted from 2002-2005.

  2004
  The Hudson River PCBs Superfund Site Community Advisory Group holds its first official meeting to provide a way for communities and stakeholders to discuss their needs and concerns. It offers EPA an opportunity to hear and consider community input on the design and impacts of the selected remedy. Today Riverkeeper is an active member of the CAG.

  2006
  After battling for two decades to avoid the cleanup project, GE and EPA enter into a legal agreement to carry out the work called for in the 2002 ROD.

  2007
  EPA and GE entered into a legal agreement which requires GE to reduce exposure to PCBs in four general areas along the upper Hudson River where elevated levels of PCBs in floodplain soil could potentially present an unacceptable risk to public health and the environment. The settlement agreement requires GE to install warning signs, cover soils to prevent exposure to PCBs, and periodically monitor and maintain the areas.

  2009
  Phase 1 dredging is conducted from May through November. About 283,000 cubic yards of contaminated sediment are removed from a 6-mile stretch of the Upper Hudson River near Fort Edward.

  2011
  Phase 2 begins in June to remove the remainder of the contaminated river sediment targeted for dredging. Approximately 2.5 million cubic yards is dredged. In all, over six seasons of dredging, approximately 2.75 million cubic yards of PCB-contaminated sediment in the upper Hudson are removed from the river bottom.

  2012
  EPA issues its first five-year review (FYR) report on the upper Hudson River remedy.

  2014
  GE agrees to perform a comprehensive assessment of the Hudson River shoreline from Fort Edward to Troy, NY. This will include a human health and ecological risk-based assessment of PCB contamination of over 40 miles of floodplain encompassing more than 3,000 properties extending from Hudson Falls to Troy.

  2015
  The dredging project is completed in the upper Hudson River.

  2016
  GE performs the final year of one of the largest aquatic replanting programs ever undertaken, in areas where dredging was performed.

  GE requests a certificate of completion from the EPA.

  2017
  EPA releases a draft of its second FYR of the cleanup concluding that cleanup efforts were implemented successfully and that the data was “encouraging.”

  2019
  EPA releases its final second FYR report with a determination of “protectiveness deferred.” This means that the agency lacks sufficient data to declare that all human and ecological risks are under control. In fact, the data already show that the public will be exposed to higher health risks than EPA anticipated, because short term targets will not be met.

  EPA issues a “Certification of Completion of the Remedial Action” to GE the same day it issued its final second FYR. Scenic Hudson and Riverkeeper strongly condemn EPA for issuing the certification while simultaneously admitting that the Superfund project has not achieved its mandated goal to be “protective of human health and the environment.”

  New York State sues the EPA for issuing GE the certificate of completion, noting that PCB levels remain “dangerously high” in portions of the river.

  2021
  A federal judge affirms that EPA correctly issued GE a Certificate of Competition for the dredging project.

  2022
  A legal agreement directs GE to fund a study of contamination throughout the lower Hudson, the entire 160-mile stretch from the Federal Dam at Troy south to New York City. Riverkeeper and Scenic Hudson renew their call for a much more extensive “Remedial Investigation / Feasibility Study.” Such a study is a necessary step before any remedial action can take place.

  2023
  GE begins to sample water, fish and sediment as part of an investigation of the lower Hudson River. The results of the sampling will be used to improve EPA’s understanding of the lower River and inform EPA’s investigations moving forward. GE remains legally responsible for its PCBs in the Hudson River, including the lower portion of the river. EPA is continuing to evaluate whether others may also be responsible for PCBs, as well as other contamination in the lower Hudson.

  This year, EPA will release its third five-year review of the cleanup action. The purpose of this third FYR is to determine whether the remedial actions at the Hudson River PCBs Superfund site are protective of public health and the environment and functioning as designed. Riverkeeper is advocating for a “not protective” determination based on its independent technical review of the data available. It is clear based on the available evidence that the Hudson River is not on track to recover within the timelines set forth in the 2002 ROD. Riverkeeper will request a 90-day comment period to provide input on the FYR. The public’s voice will continue to be critical in achieving the cleanup the Hudson River needs and deserves.

• Health Effects of PCBs

  The harmful effects of PCBs are well documented and led to the banning of PCBs in the United States in 1977. Human consumption of PCBs, through eating PCB-contaminated food, can cause liver, kidney and nervous system disorders, as well as developmental and reproductive abnormalities. PCBs have been proven to cause cancer in laboratory animals, and are classified by the EPA as probable human carcinogens.

  Animals who are exposed to PCBs cannot rid them them from their bodies. PCBs instead concentrate in tissues and organs and bioaccumulate. Bioaccumulation is a process by which environmental contaminants increase in concentration as they move up the food chain. As larger fish eat smaller fish, PCB levels in fish can become thousands of times higher than PCB levels in the river. People are highest on the food chain.

  The New York State Department of Health (DOH) advises women of childbearing age and children under 15 to not eat fish from the Hudson River south of the Corinth Dam. The DOH also recommends that no individual eat any fish caught between the Corinth Dam and the Federal Dam in Troy. Further advisories exist for specific locations and species.

• The end of a centuries-old way of lifeThe Impact of PCBs on the Hudson River Fishery

  In 1976, the NY State DEC banned the commercial harvest of virtually all the Hudson’s commercially viable species, including striped bass, eel, carp, catfish and perch. GE’s discharge of PCBs into the Hudson is therefore responsible for destroying what was a centuries-old fishing industry and river-based culture.

  The New York State Department of Health (DOH) advises women of childbearing age and children under 15 to not eat fish from the Hudson River south of the Corinth Dam. The DOH also recommends that no individual eat any fish caught between the Corinth Dam and the Federal Dam in Troy. Rather, any fish caught should be released back into the river.

  GE says a “thriving catch-and-release system” on the river proves that the river and its surrounding communities are prospering. The ability to catch and eat fish, as opposed to just catch and release fish, however, is the standard by which the river’s health should be determined.

  Despite these health advisories, surveys show that most people catch and eat PCB-laden Hudson River fish and share their catch with friends and family.

• GE’s Fight to Avoid the Cleanup

  When the public was first informed of the PCB contamination of the Hudson in the mid-1970s, General Electric threatened to relocate its facilities—and the jobs and tax base they provided—outside the state if it was held responsible for the contamination. GE went as far as issuing notices to its workers at Fort Edward and Hudson Falls that PCBs were a phony controversy cooked up by environmentalists to destroy their jobs.

  GE spent millions of dollars fighting the Hudson River cleanup. It launched an aggressive ad campaign in print, radio and television in an effort to buy public support for its anti-dredging position. The message that reverberated said dredging is unnecessary, environmentally unsound, and damaging to local economies.

  In addition to the Hudson River PCB Superfund Site, GE has 75 Superfund sites nationwide, more than any other U.S. corporation. Being forced to take full responsibility for cleanup at those 75 sites would indeed have a material impact on GE’s financial performance.